Science
Missions to Venus: Highlights From History, and When We May Go Back – The New York Times
Much visited in an earlier era of space exploration, the planet has been overlooked in recent decades.
Mariner 2 was the first American spacecraft to make it to Venus, in 1962. It determined that temperatures were cooler higher in the clouds, but extremely hot on the surface.
In 1978, the Pioneer missions gave American researchers a closer look. The first of the pair orbited the planet for nearly 14 years, revealing much about the mysterious Venusian atmosphere. It also observed the surface was smoother than Earths, and that Venus had very little or perhaps no magnetic field. A second Pioneer mi…
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